China vs Germany
China vs Germany: Government debt
Government debt in 2025: 98.6% of GDP in China and 62.7% of GDP in Germany, by IMF estimates. In 2025 the value was higher in China, by 36 percentage points, or 1.57 times that in Germany.
% of GDP · IMF
What the numbers say
- China has been higher since 2019, when it overtook Germany.
- In 2025, China ranked 17 and Germany ranked 51 of 149 countries, counting from the highest.
- The IMF projection (World Economic Outlook, October 2026) puts China at 122.1% of GDP and Germany at 75.6% of GDP in 2031.
Every year
% of GDP · IMF
| Year | China | Germany |
|---|---|---|
| 2025 | 98.6 | 62.7 |
| 2024 | 90.5 | 61.4 |
| 2023 | 84.1 | 61.8 |
| 2022 | 77.3 | 64.1 |
| 2021 | 72.1 | 67.4 |
| 2020 | 70.6 | 67.5 |
| 2019 | 59.9 | 58.4 |
| 2018 | 55.7 | 60.5 |
| 2017 | 53.7 | 63.7 |
| 2016 | 50 | 68.1 |
| 2015 | 40.9 | 71 |
| 2014 | 39.4 | 74.4 |
| 2013 | 36.6 | 77.4 |
| 2012 | 33.9 | 79.8 |
| 2011 | 33 | 78.5 |
| 2010 | 33.1 | 81 |
| 2009 | 33.9 | 72.4 |
| 2008 | 26.6 | 65.2 |
| 2007 | 28.8 | 63.7 |
| 2006 | 25.2 | 66.4 |
| 2005 | 26 | 67.1 |
| 2004 | 25.9 | 65 |
| 2003 | 26.4 | 63.3 |
| 2002 | 25.5 | 59.8 |
| 2001 | 24.2 | 58.1 |
| 2000 | 22.6 | 59.2 |
| 1999 | 21.6 | 60.4 |
| 1998 | 20.4 | 59.4 |
| 1997 | 20.4 | 58.8 |
| 1996 | 21.2 | 57.7 |
| 1995 | 21.4 | 54.9 |
| 1994 | – | 47.5 |
| 1993 | – | 45.1 |
| 1992 | – | 41.4 |
| 1991 | – | 39 |
IMF projection (World Economic Outlook, October 2026) · 2026–2031
| Year | China | Germany |
|---|---|---|
| 2026 | 104.4 | 64.6 |
| 2027 | 109.1 | 67 |
| 2028 | 113.2 | 69.3 |
| 2029 | 116.4 | 71.5 |
| 2030 | 119.5 | 73.6 |
| 2031 | 122.1 | 75.6 |
Each country on its own
Good to know
- What the government owes, as a share of the economy’s yearly output.
- Source: IMF, World Economic Outlook, October 2026.
- The dashed line is the IMF projection (World Economic Outlook, October 2026), a scenario rather than a forecast.
- Ranks count the 149 countries with a value in 2025, highest first.
How the layers work, where their data comes from and what they can’t tell you: Countries through time
China vs Germany
Health
- Life expectancyChina: 78 years in 2023Germany: 81.4 years in 2023
- Child mortalityChina: 0.6 per 100 live births in 2024Germany: 0.4 per 100 live births in 2024
- Infant mortalityChina: 5.1 per 1,000 live births in 2023Germany: 3 per 1,000 live births in 2023
- DepressionChina: 3.31% in 2017Germany: 3.96% in 2017
- Suicide rateChina: 7.2 per 100,000 people in 2017Germany: 9.9 per 100,000 people in 2017
People
- PopulationChina: 1.42 billion people in 2023Germany: 84.6 million people in 2023
- Population growthChina: -0.24% a year in 2023Germany: 0.35% a year in 2023
- Fertility rateChina: 1 births per woman in 2023Germany: 1.44 births per woman in 2023
- Urban populationChina: 66.3% in 2025Germany: 82.1% in 2025
- Median ageChina: 39.1 years in 2023Germany: 45.2 years in 2023
- People aged 65 and overChina: 14.3% in 2023Germany: 22.8% in 2023
- Net migration rateChina: -0.4 per 1,000 people in 2023Germany: 7.2 per 1,000 people in 2023
Economy
Education
Politics
Conflict
Military
- Military spendingChina: 1.73% of GDP in 2025Germany: 2.27% of GDP in 2025
- Military spending in US dollarsChina: $335B in 2025Germany: $107B in 2025
- Military spending per personChina: $237 in 2025Germany: $1,346 in 2025
- Military share of state spendingChina: 5.1% of government spending in 2025Germany: 4.5% of government spending in 2025
- Armed forces personnelChina: 2.54 million people in 2020Germany: 183,000 people in 2020
- National powerChina: 23.41% of world capability in 2022Germany: 1.5% of world capability in 2022
- Armed forces, share of workersChina: 0.33% of the labour force in 2020Germany: 0.42% of the labour force in 2020
- Arms importsChina: 207 million TIV in 2025Germany: 1.63 billion TIV in 2025
- Arms exportsChina: 880 million TIV in 2025Germany: 1.7 billion TIV in 2025