Estonia vs Russia
Estonia vs Russia: Temperature
Temperature in 2025: 7.8 °C in Estonia and -2.3 °C in Russia, by ERA5 observations. In 2025 the value was higher in Estonia, by 10 °C.
°C · ERA5
What the numbers say
- Estonia has been higher in every year both have figures for since 1950.
- In 2025, Estonia ranked 217 and Russia ranked 231 of 233 countries, counting from the highest.
- The CMIP6 model median (SSP2-4.5, middle of the road) puts Estonia at 9.1 °C and Russia at 0.1 °C in 2100.
Every year
°C · ERA5
| Year | Estonia | Estonia: CMIP6 historical run, model median | Russia | Russia: CMIP6 historical run, model median |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2025 | 7.8 | 6.8 | -2.3 | -2.7 |
| 2024 | 8 | 6.4 | -2.2 | -2.8 |
| 2023 | 7.1 | 6.6 | -2.5 | -2.9 |
| 2022 | 7 | 7.3 | -2.5 | -2.7 |
| 2021 | 6.5 | 7 | -3.4 | -2.9 |
| 2020 | 8.3 | 6.7 | -1.2 | -2.9 |
| 2019 | 7.4 | 6.5 | -2.5 | -2.9 |
| 2018 | 7.1 | 6.3 | -3.1 | -3 |
| 2017 | 6.4 | 6.4 | -2.5 | -3.2 |
| 2016 | 6.5 | 6.5 | -2.8 | -3.1 |
| 2015 | 7.4 | 6.4 | -2.6 | -3 |
| 2014 | 6.9 | 6.7 | -3.4 | -3 |
| 2013 | 6.7 | 6.5 | -3.2 | -3 |
| 2012 | 5.4 | 6.2 | -3.4 | -3.3 |
| 2011 | 7 | 6.1 | -2.8 | -3.5 |
| 2010 | 5 | 6.4 | -4 | -3.4 |
| 2009 | 6 | 6.1 | -4.1 | -3.4 |
| 2008 | 7.3 | 6.5 | -2.8 | -3.2 |
| 2007 | 6.9 | 6 | -2.4 | -3.4 |
| 2006 | 6.7 | 6.3 | -4.1 | -3.5 |
| 2005 | 6.1 | 6.1 | -2.9 | -3.4 |
| 2004 | 6 | 6 | -4 | -3.8 |
| 2003 | 5.9 | 6.1 | -3.3 | -3.5 |
| 2002 | 6.4 | 5.8 | -3.7 | -3.7 |
| 2001 | 6.1 | 5.9 | -4 | -3.7 |
| 2000 | 7.1 | 6 | -4.2 | -3.8 |
| 1999 | 6.6 | 5.7 | -4.3 | -4 |
| 1998 | 5.5 | 6 | -4.8 | -4 |
| 1997 | 6 | 5.5 | -3.9 | -4.3 |
| 1996 | 4.7 | 5.9 | -4.4 | -4.1 |
| 1995 | 6.3 | 5.6 | -2.7 | -4.3 |
| 1994 | 5.5 | 5.4 | -4.4 | -4.6 |
| 1993 | 5.2 | 5 | -4.1 | -4.6 |
| 1992 | 6.6 | 5.2 | -4.4 | -4.7 |
| 1991 | 6.4 | 5.3 | -3.7 | -4.3 |
| 1990 | 6.9 | 5.8 | -3.5 | -4.2 |
| 1989 | 7.4 | 5.5 | -3.5 | -4.2 |
| 1988 | 5.9 | 5.5 | -3.8 | -4.3 |
| 1987 | 3.5 | 5.2 | -5.8 | -4.7 |
| 1986 | 5.2 | 5.5 | -4.3 | -4.5 |
| 1985 | 3.9 | 5.4 | -5 | -4.4 |
| 1984 | 5.9 | 4.4 | -4.8 | -5.1 |
| 1983 | 6.4 | 4.9 | -3.4 | -5.1 |
| 1982 | 5.7 | 4.9 | -4.6 | -4.7 |
| 1981 | 5.3 | 4.9 | -3.6 | -4.9 |
| 1980 | 4.5 | 5.1 | -4.9 | -4.8 |
| 1979 | 4.9 | 5.2 | -5.3 | -4.7 |
| 1978 | 3.9 | 5.1 | -4.8 | -4.6 |
| 1977 | 4.8 | 5 | -5 | -4.7 |
| 1976 | 3.9 | 4.8 | -5.4 | -5.1 |
| 1975 | 7 | 4.9 | -3.6 | -4.9 |
| 1974 | 6.3 | 5.3 | -5.1 | -4.8 |
| 1973 | 5.5 | 4.9 | -4.3 | -5.1 |
| 1972 | 5.9 | 4.9 | -5.2 | -5 |
| 1971 | 5.5 | 4.8 | -4.4 | -5.1 |
| 1970 | 4.3 | 4.4 | -5 | -5.1 |
| 1969 | 3.7 | 4.6 | -6.2 | -5.1 |
| 1968 | 4.7 | 5.1 | -5.1 | -4.8 |
| 1967 | 5.5 | 4.8 | -3.8 | -5 |
| 1966 | 4.1 | 5 | -5.7 | -5.1 |
| 1965 | 4.5 | 5 | -5.3 | -5.3 |
| 1964 | 5.1 | 5 | -5.2 | -4.9 |
| 1963 | 4.2 | 5.1 | -4.5 | -5 |
| 1962 | 4.6 | 4.6 | -3.9 | -5 |
| 1961 | 6.5 | 4.8 | -4.4 | -4.8 |
| 1960 | 4.8 | 5 | -5.4 | -4.9 |
| 1959 | 5.8 | 4.7 | -4.2 | -4.8 |
| 1958 | 4.3 | 5 | -5.5 | -4.9 |
| 1957 | 5.6 | 4.7 | -4.6 | -5.1 |
| 1956 | 3.5 | 5.3 | -5.2 | -4.8 |
| 1955 | 4.3 | 4.7 | -5 | -4.7 |
| 1954 | 5 | 4.8 | -4.7 | -4.8 |
| 1953 | 5.6 | 4.9 | -4.1 | -4.9 |
| 1952 | 4.4 | 5.1 | -5.6 | -4.9 |
| 1951 | 5.1 | 4.8 | -4.4 | -5 |
| 1950 | 5.3 | 5.1 | -4.9 | -4.8 |
- 12.3Projected
CMIP6 model median (SSP2-4.5, middle of the road) · 2026–2100
| Year | Estonia | Estonia: CMIP6 historical run, model median | Russia | Russia: CMIP6 historical run, model median |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2026 | – | 76.2–8.4 | – | -2.5-4–-0.8 |
| 2027 | – | 75.8–8.4 | – | -2.4-4–-0.7 |
| 2028 | – | 7.36.1–8.7 | – | -2.5-4–-0.8 |
| 2029 | – | 7.26.1–8.8 | – | -2.3-3.7–-0.8 |
| 2030 | – | 7.46–8.5 | – | -2.3-3.6–-0.8 |
| 2031 | – | 7.25.6–8.3 | – | -2.3-3.7–-1 |
| 2032 | – | 7.66–8.6 | – | -2.2-3.9–-0.7 |
| 2033 | – | 7.46.6–9 | – | -2.2-3.5–-0.6 |
| 2034 | – | 7.26.6–8.7 | – | -2.1-3.6–-0.8 |
| 2035 | – | 7.46.2–8.8 | – | -2.2-3.7–-0.7 |
| 2036 | – | 7.86–9.2 | – | -2-3.7–-0.3 |
| 2037 | – | 7.36.2–8.8 | – | -1.9-3.4–-0.5 |
| 2038 | – | 7.35.8–9.2 | – | -2.1-3.6–-0.3 |
| 2039 | – | 7.36–8.8 | – | -1.9-3.3–-0.4 |
| 2040 | – | 7.96.4–9 | – | -1.9-3.3–0.1 |
| 2041 | – | 7.76.1–8.9 | – | -1.9-3.6–-0.3 |
| 2042 | – | 7.46.1–9.4 | – | -1.9-3.6–-0.3 |
| 2043 | – | 86.6–9.6 | – | -1.5-3.3–0.1 |
| 2044 | – | 7.15.6–9.5 | – | -1.8-3.6–0.2 |
| 2045 | – | 7.85.8–9.4 | – | -1.8-3.3–0.2 |
| 2046 | – | 7.26.4–9.2 | – | -1.7-3.2–0.3 |
| 2047 | – | 86.6–9.6 | – | -1.3-3.2–0.3 |
| 2048 | – | 8.47–9.5 | – | -1.4-3–0.3 |
| 2049 | – | 86.3–9.7 | – | -1.2-2.7–0.9 |
| 2050 | – | 86.9–9.6 | – | -1.3-2.9–0.6 |
| 2051 | – | 86.5–9.7 | – | -1.4-3.1–0.6 |
| 2052 | – | 7.96.5–9.6 | – | -1.4-2.9–0.4 |
| 2053 | – | 8.16.7–9.6 | – | -1.1-2.7–0.8 |
| 2054 | – | 7.76.6–9.3 | – | -1.3-3–0.7 |
| 2055 | – | 7.86.3–9.4 | – | -1.4-3–0.9 |
| 2056 | – | 8.27–9.9 | – | -1.2-2.8–0.7 |
| 2057 | – | 8.16.8–9.5 | – | -1.1-3.4–1.1 |
| 2058 | – | 8.76.9–10.1 | – | -1.1-2.7–1.2 |
| 2059 | – | 8.17.2–10.2 | – | -1-2.8–1.3 |
| 2060 | – | 8.27.1–9.8 | – | -1-2.4–0.9 |
| 2061 | – | 8.47.1–9.5 | – | -1.1-2.7–1.1 |
| 2062 | – | 8.66.6–10.3 | – | -0.9-2.7–1.3 |
| 2063 | – | 8.37–10.2 | – | -0.7-2.7–1.4 |
| 2064 | – | 8.56.7–9.5 | – | -0.8-2.5–1 |
| 2065 | – | 8.56.5–9.7 | – | -0.8-2.8–1.3 |
| 2066 | – | 8.56.8–9.7 | – | -0.6-2.3–1.2 |
| 2067 | – | 87.2–10 | – | -0.7-2.3–1.5 |
| 2068 | – | 8.36.9–10.2 | – | -0.9-2.8–1.1 |
| 2069 | – | 8.86.7–10.4 | – | -0.6-2.4–1.7 |
| 2070 | – | 8.76.5–9.9 | – | -0.5-2.3–1.6 |
| 2071 | – | 8.46.5–10.6 | – | -0.6-2.6–1.7 |
| 2072 | – | 8.67–9.8 | – | -0.6-2.3–1.6 |
| 2073 | – | 8.46.6–9.9 | – | -0.7-2.5–1.7 |
| 2074 | – | 8.77.4–9.9 | – | -0.4-2–1.4 |
| 2075 | – | 8.16.9–9.8 | – | -0.6-2.6–1.6 |
| 2076 | – | 8.87.1–10.4 | – | -0.4-2.4–1.5 |
| 2077 | – | 8.87.4–10.2 | – | -0.4-1.7–1.3 |
| 2078 | – | 8.67.1–10.2 | – | -0.5-2.4–1.7 |
| 2079 | – | 8.86.7–10.5 | – | -0.4-2.1–2 |
| 2080 | – | 8.76.7–10.2 | – | -0.3-2.3–1.5 |
| 2081 | – | 8.76.9–10.3 | – | -0.4-2.1–1.6 |
| 2082 | – | 8.96.6–10.9 | – | -0.2-2.1–2.1 |
| 2083 | – | 8.46.7–10.9 | – | -0.2-2.1–1.8 |
| 2084 | – | 8.67–10.3 | – | -0.2-2.1–1.8 |
| 2085 | – | 8.66.7–10.6 | – | -0.2-2.1–1.9 |
| 2086 | – | 9.17.5–10.6 | – | -0-2–2.2 |
| 2087 | – | 97–11.1 | – | 0.1-1.9–2.2 |
| 2088 | – | 8.87.1–10.6 | – | -0.1-2.1–2 |
| 2089 | – | 8.87.3–10 | – | -0.1-2–2.1 |
| 2090 | – | 8.86.8–10.1 | – | -0.2-2.3–2.1 |
| 2091 | – | 9.16.5–10.7 | – | 0.2-1.8–2 |
| 2092 | – | 9.37.5–10.7 | – | 0.2-1.9–2.4 |
| 2093 | – | 9.27.6–10.9 | – | 0.3-1.8–2.5 |
| 2094 | – | 8.96.9–10.7 | – | 0.1-1.9–2.8 |
| 2095 | – | 9.37.6–10.8 | – | 0.2-1.6–2.2 |
| 2096 | – | 8.86.9–10.4 | – | 0.2-2–2.3 |
| 2097 | – | 8.97.8–11 | – | 0.2-1.6–2.6 |
| 2098 | – | 9.17–10.8 | – | 0-1.9–2.3 |
| 2099 | – | 97.4–10.9 | – | 0.1-2.1–2.6 |
| 2100 | – | 9.17.5–10.4 | – | 0.1-1.7–2.3 |
Each country on its own
Good to know
- The average air temperature near the ground, over the whole country and the whole year.
- Source: ERA5 reanalysis (Copernicus, ECMWF) and CMIP6, via the World Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal.
- The dashed line is the CMIP6 model median (SSP2-4.5, middle of the road), a scenario rather than a forecast; the band is its models’ 10th–90th percentile.
- Climate model values are the median of the CMIP6 models, run on past emissions to 2014 and on SSP2-4.5, a middle-of-the-road path, after: they are not measurements.
- Ranks count the 233 countries with a value in 2025, highest first.
How the layers work, where their data comes from and what they can’t tell you: Countries through time
Estonia vs Russia
Health
- Life expectancyEstonia: 79.2 years in 2023Russia: 73.2 years in 2023
- Child mortalityEstonia: 0.2 per 100 live births in 2024Russia: 0.5 per 100 live births in 2024
- Infant mortalityEstonia: 1.4 per 1,000 live births in 2023Russia: 3.5 per 1,000 live births in 2023
- Safe drinking waterEstonia: 97% in 2022Russia: 76.2% in 2022
- DepressionEstonia: 3.85% in 2017Russia: 3.71% in 2017
- Suicide rateEstonia: 12.7 per 100,000 people in 2017Russia: 25.1 per 100,000 people in 2017
People
- PopulationEstonia: 1.37 million people in 2023Russia: 145 million people in 2023
- Population growthEstonia: 0% a year in 2023Russia: -0.32% a year in 2023
- Fertility rateEstonia: 1.35 births per woman in 2023Russia: 1.45 births per woman in 2023
- Urban populationEstonia: 70.7% in 2025Russia: 75.3% in 2025
- Median ageEstonia: 41.9 years in 2023Russia: 39.5 years in 2023
- People aged 65 and overEstonia: 20.9% in 2023Russia: 16.6% in 2023
- Net migration rateEstonia: 4.2 per 1,000 people in 2023Russia: 0.2 per 1,000 people in 2023
Economy
Education
Politics
Conflict
Military
- Military spendingEstonia: 3.37% of GDP in 2025Russia: 7.5% of GDP in 2025
- Military spending in US dollarsEstonia: $1.44B in 2025Russia: $158B in 2025
- Military spending per personEstonia: $1,164 in 2025Russia: $1,318 in 2025
- Military share of state spendingEstonia: 7.5% of government spending in 2025Russia: 19.8% of government spending in 2025
- Armed forces personnelEstonia: 7,000 people in 2020Russia: 1.45 million people in 2020
- National powerEstonia: 0.02% of world capability in 2022Russia: 3.82% of world capability in 2022
- Armed forces, share of workersEstonia: 1% of the labour force in 2020Russia: 1.98% of the labour force in 2020
- Arms importsEstonia: 204 million TIV in 2025Russia: 129 million TIV in 2025
- Arms exportsEstonia: 2 million TIV in 2024Russia: 1.94 billion TIV in 2025