Kazakhstan vs Turkmenistan
Kazakhstan vs Turkmenistan: Government debt
Government debt: 24.4% of GDP in Kazakhstan in 2024 and 3.1% of GDP in Turkmenistan in 2025, by IMF estimates. In 2024 the value was higher in Kazakhstan, by 20.3 percentage points, or 5.93 times that in Turkmenistan.
% of GDP · IMF
What the numbers say
- Kazakhstan has been higher since 2019, when it overtook Turkmenistan.
- The IMF projection (World Economic Outlook, October 2026) puts Kazakhstan at 29.8% of GDP and Turkmenistan at 2.5% of GDP in 2031.
Every year
% of GDP · IMF
| Year | Kazakhstan | Turkmenistan |
|---|---|---|
| 2025 | 24.3 | 3.1 |
| 2024 | 24.4 | 4.1 |
| 2023 | 23 | 5.5 |
| 2022 | 23.5 | 7.1 |
| 2021 | 25.1 | 12.3 |
| 2020 | 26.4 | 15.4 |
| 2019 | 19.9 | 17.7 |
| 2018 | 20.3 | 22.5 |
| 2017 | 19.9 | 24.7 |
| 2016 | 19.7 | 21.1 |
| 2015 | 21.9 | 19 |
| 2014 | 14.5 | 16 |
| 2013 | 12.6 | 20.4 |
| 2012 | 12.1 | 17.9 |
| 2011 | 10.2 | 14.8 |
| 2010 | 10.7 | 7 |
| 2009 | 10.2 | 3.1 |
| 2008 | 6.8 | 3.6 |
| 2007 | 4.1 | 3.1 |
| 2006 | 6.7 | 4.2 |
| 2005 | 8.1 | 6.8 |
| 2004 | 11.4 | 11.4 |
| 2003 | 15 | 16.9 |
| 2002 | 17.6 | 24.2 |
| 2001 | – | 34.1 |
| 2000 | – | 55.1 |
| 1999 | – | 66.7 |
| 1998 | – | 81.6 |
| 1997 | – | 64.2 |
- 12.3Projected
IMF projection (World Economic Outlook, October 2026) · 2026–2031
| Year | Kazakhstan | Turkmenistan |
|---|---|---|
| 2026 | 23.8 | 2.9 |
| 2027 | 25.1 | 2.8 |
| 2028 | 26.9 | 2.7 |
| 2029 | 28.3 | 2.6 |
| 2030 | 29 | 2.5 |
| 2031 | 29.8 | 2.5 |
Each country on its own
Good to know
- What the government owes, as a share of the economy’s yearly output.
- Source: IMF, World Economic Outlook, October 2026.
- The dashed line is the IMF projection (World Economic Outlook, October 2026), a scenario rather than a forecast.
- Ranks count the 149 countries with a value in 2025, highest first.
How the layers work, where their data comes from and what they can’t tell you: Countries through time
Kazakhstan vs Turkmenistan
Health
- Life expectancyKazakhstan: 74.4 years in 2023Turkmenistan: 70.1 years in 2023
- Child mortalityKazakhstan: 0.9 per 100 live births in 2024Turkmenistan: 3.9 per 100 live births in 2024
- Infant mortalityKazakhstan: 8.1 per 1,000 live births in 2023Turkmenistan: 31.8 per 1,000 live births in 2023
- Safe drinking waterKazakhstan: 89.4% in 2021Turkmenistan: 94.9% in 2022
- DepressionKazakhstan: 3.51% in 2017Turkmenistan: 2.82% in 2017
- Suicide rateKazakhstan: 23 per 100,000 people in 2017Turkmenistan: 8.7 per 100,000 people in 2017
People
- PopulationKazakhstan: 20.3 million people in 2023Turkmenistan: 7.36 million people in 2023
- Population growthKazakhstan: 1.32% a year in 2023Turkmenistan: 1.8% a year in 2023
- Fertility rateKazakhstan: 3.01 births per woman in 2023Turkmenistan: 2.69 births per woman in 2023
- Urban populationKazakhstan: 62.4% in 2025Turkmenistan: 47.1% in 2025
- Median ageKazakhstan: 29.5 years in 2023Turkmenistan: 26.2 years in 2023
- People aged 65 and overKazakhstan: 8.3% in 2023Turkmenistan: 4.3% in 2023
- Net migration rateKazakhstan: -0.2 per 1,000 people in 2023Turkmenistan: 2 per 1,000 people in 2023
Economy
Education
Politics
Conflict
Military
- Military spendingKazakhstan: 0.43% of GDP in 2025Turkmenistan: 3.11% of GDP in 1999
- Military spending in US dollarsKazakhstan: $1.31B in 2025Turkmenistan: $188M in 1999
- Military spending per personKazakhstan: $63 in 2025Turkmenistan: $25 in 1999
- Military share of state spendingKazakhstan: 2.1% of government spending in 2025Turkmenistan: 15% of government spending in 1999
- Armed forces personnelKazakhstan: 71,000 people in 2020Turkmenistan: 57,000 people in 2020
- National powerKazakhstan: 0.27% of world capability in 2022Turkmenistan: 0.13% of world capability in 2022
- Armed forces, share of workersKazakhstan: 0.74% of the labour force in 2020Turkmenistan: 2.87% of the labour force in 2020
- Arms importsKazakhstan: 18 million TIV in 2025Turkmenistan: 382 million TIV in 2021