Eritrea vs Ethiopia
Eritrea vs Ethiopia: Population
Population in 2023: 3.47 million people in Eritrea and 129 million people in Ethiopia, by UN estimates. In 2023 the value was higher in Ethiopia, by 125 million people, or 37 times that in Eritrea.
people · UN
What the numbers say
- Ethiopia has been higher in every year both have figures for since 1950.
- In 2023, Eritrea ranked 132 and Ethiopia ranked 11 of 229 countries, counting from the highest.
- The UN projection (medium variant) puts Eritrea at 8.44 million people and Ethiopia at 367 million people in 2100.
- The world as a whole: 8.09 billion people in 2023.
Every year
people · UN
| Year | Eritrea | Ethiopia | World |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2023 | 3.47 million | 129 million | 8.09 billion |
| 2022 | 3.41 million | 125 million | 8.02 billion |
| 2021 | 3.35 million | 122 million | 7.95 billion |
| 2020 | 3.29 million | 119 million | 7.89 billion |
| 2019 | 3.24 million | 116 million | 7.81 billion |
| 2018 | 3.19 million | 113 million | 7.73 billion |
| 2017 | 3.15 million | 110 million | 7.65 billion |
| 2016 | 3.13 million | 107 million | 7.56 billion |
| 2015 | 3.11 million | 104 million | 7.47 billion |
| 2014 | 3.1 million | 101 million | 7.38 billion |
| 2013 | 3.07 million | 98.4 million | 7.29 billion |
| 2012 | 3.04 million | 95.8 million | 7.2 billion |
| 2011 | 3 million | 93.2 million | 7.11 billion |
| 2010 | 2.95 million | 90.5 million | 7.02 billion |
| 2009 | 2.89 million | 88 million | 6.93 billion |
| 2008 | 2.82 million | 85.5 million | 6.84 billion |
| 2007 | 2.74 million | 83.1 million | 6.76 billion |
| 2006 | 2.7 million | 80.7 million | 6.67 billion |
| 2005 | 2.66 million | 78.4 million | 6.59 billion |
| 2004 | 2.6 million | 76.1 million | 6.5 billion |
| 2003 | 2.49 million | 73.8 million | 6.42 billion |
| 2002 | 2.39 million | 71.6 million | 6.34 billion |
| 2001 | 2.31 million | 69.5 million | 6.26 billion |
| 2000 | 2.25 million | 67.4 million | 6.17 billion |
| 1999 | 2.21 million | 65.4 million | 6.09 billion |
| 1998 | 2.18 million | 63.4 million | 6.01 billion |
| 1997 | 2.15 million | 61.4 million | 5.93 billion |
| 1996 | 2.13 million | 59.5 million | 5.84 billion |
| 1995 | 2.03 million | 57.5 million | 5.76 billion |
| 1994 | 1.91 million | 55.6 million | 5.68 billion |
| 1993 | 1.86 million | 53.7 million | 5.59 billion |
| 1992 | 1.8 million | 51.9 million | 5.51 billion |
| 1991 | 1.92 million | 49.7 million | 5.42 billion |
| 1990 | 2.03 million | 47.6 million | 5.33 billion |
| 1989 | 1.99 million | 45.9 million | 5.23 billion |
| 1988 | 1.94 million | 44.2 million | 5.14 billion |
| 1987 | 1.89 million | 42.5 million | 5.05 billion |
| 1986 | 1.85 million | 41 million | 4.96 billion |
| 1985 | 1.81 million | 39.8 million | 4.87 billion |
| 1984 | 1.77 million | 38.7 million | 4.78 billion |
| 1983 | 1.74 million | 37.7 million | 4.7 billion |
| 1982 | 1.7 million | 36.7 million | 4.61 billion |
| 1981 | 1.65 million | 35.3 million | 4.53 billion |
| 1980 | 1.61 million | 34.4 million | 4.45 billion |
| 1979 | 1.56 million | 34.2 million | 4.37 billion |
| 1978 | 1.52 million | 33.7 million | 4.29 billion |
| 1977 | 1.48 million | 33.2 million | 4.22 billion |
| 1976 | 1.44 million | 32.5 million | 4.14 billion |
| 1975 | 1.41 million | 31.7 million | 4.07 billion |
| 1974 | 1.38 million | 31 million | 4 billion |
| 1973 | 1.34 million | 30.2 million | 3.92 billion |
| 1972 | 1.31 million | 29.4 million | 3.85 billion |
| 1971 | 1.28 million | 28.6 million | 3.77 billion |
| 1970 | 1.24 million | 27.8 million | 3.7 billion |
| 1969 | 1.21 million | 27.1 million | 3.62 billion |
| 1968 | 1.18 million | 26.3 million | 3.55 billion |
| 1967 | 1.15 million | 25.6 million | 3.47 billion |
| 1966 | 1.13 million | 25 million | 3.4 billion |
| 1965 | 1.1 million | 24.3 million | 3.34 billion |
| 1964 | 1.07 million | 23.7 million | 3.26 billion |
| 1963 | 1.05 million | 23.1 million | 3.19 billion |
| 1962 | 1.02 million | 22.5 million | 3.12 billion |
| 1961 | 995,600 | 21.9 million | 3.07 billion |
| 1960 | 972,500 | 21.4 million | 3.02 billion |
| 1959 | 950,600 | 20.9 million | 2.97 billion |
| 1958 | 932,600 | 20.5 million | 2.91 billion |
| 1957 | 918,800 | 20.2 million | 2.85 billion |
| 1956 | 903,400 | 19.8 million | 2.8 billion |
| 1955 | 886,200 | 19.4 million | 2.74 billion |
| 1954 | 870,000 | 19 million | 2.69 billion |
| 1953 | 854,700 | 18.7 million | 2.63 billion |
| 1952 | 840,300 | 18.3 million | 2.58 billion |
| 1951 | 827,000 | 18 million | 2.54 billion |
| 1950 | 814,900 | 17.7 million | 2.49 billion |
| 1949 | 808,000 | 17.6 million | – |
| 1948 | 794,900 | 17.5 million | – |
| 1947 | 783,100 | 17.5 million | – |
| 1946 | 771,500 | 17.5 million | – |
| 1945 | 760,100 | 17.5 million | – |
| 1944 | 748,900 | 17.5 million | – |
| 1943 | 737,800 | 17.5 million | – |
| 1942 | 726,900 | 17.5 million | – |
| 1941 | 717,200 | 17.5 million | – |
| 1940 | 708,500 | 17.5 million | – |
| 1939 | 700,900 | 17.5 million | – |
| 1938 | 694,300 | 17.5 million | – |
| 1937 | 688,800 | 17.5 million | – |
| 1936 | 683,400 | 17.5 million | – |
| 1935 | 677,900 | 17.5 million | – |
| 1934 | 672,600 | 17.5 million | – |
| 1933 | 667,200 | 17.5 million | – |
| 1932 | 661,900 | 17.5 million | – |
| 1931 | 656,400 | 17.5 million | – |
| 1930 | 650,700 | 17.5 million | – |
| 1929 | 644,800 | 17.5 million | – |
| 1928 | 638,700 | 17.5 million | – |
| 1927 | 632,300 | 17.5 million | – |
| 1926 | 626,100 | 17.5 million | – |
| 1925 | 619,900 | 17.5 million | – |
| 1924 | 613,700 | 17.5 million | – |
| 1923 | 607,700 | 17.5 million | – |
| 1922 | 601,600 | 17.5 million | – |
| 1921 | 596,100 | 17.5 million | – |
| 1920 | 591,200 | 17.5 million | – |
| 1919 | 586,700 | 17.5 million | – |
| 1918 | 582,700 | 17.5 million | – |
| 1917 | 579,300 | 17.5 million | – |
| 1916 | 579,200 | 17.5 million | – |
| 1915 | 579,100 | 17.5 million | – |
| 1914 | 579,000 | 17.5 million | – |
| 1913 | 578,900 | 17.5 million | – |
| 1912 | 578,700 | 17.6 million | – |
| 1911 | 578,400 | 17.6 million | – |
| 1910 | 578,000 | 17.6 million | – |
| 1909 | 577,500 | 17.6 million | – |
| 1908 | 576,800 | 17.6 million | – |
| 1907 | 576,000 | 17.6 million | – |
| 1906 | 575,100 | 17.6 million | – |
| 1905 | 574,300 | 17.7 million | – |
| 1904 | 573,400 | 17.7 million | – |
| 1903 | 572,600 | 17.7 million | – |
| 1902 | 571,700 | 17.7 million | – |
| 1901 | 571,400 | 17.7 million | – |
| 1900 | 571,900 | 17.7 million | – |
| 1899 | 573,000 | 17.7 million | – |
| 1898 | 574,700 | 17.8 million | – |
| 1897 | 577,200 | 17.8 million | – |
| 1896 | 579,700 | 17.8 million | – |
| 1895 | 582,100 | 17.8 million | – |
| 1894 | 584,500 | 17.8 million | – |
| 1893 | 587,000 | 17.8 million | – |
| 1892 | 589,400 | 17.8 million | – |
| 1891 | 591,800 | 17.9 million | – |
| 1890 | 594,300 | 17.9 million | – |
| 1889 | 596,700 | 17.9 million | – |
| 1888 | 599,100 | 17.9 million | – |
| 1887 | 601,500 | 17.9 million | – |
| 1886 | 603,900 | 17.9 million | – |
| 1885 | 606,300 | 17.9 million | – |
| 1884 | 608,700 | 18 million | – |
| 1883 | 611,100 | 18 million | – |
| 1882 | 613,500 | 18 million | – |
| 1881 | 615,800 | 18 million | – |
| 1880 | 618,200 | 18 million | – |
| 1879 | 620,600 | 18 million | – |
| 1878 | 622,900 | 18 million | – |
| 1877 | 625,300 | 18.1 million | – |
| 1876 | 627,600 | 18.1 million | – |
| 1875 | 630,000 | 18.1 million | – |
| 1874 | 632,300 | 18.1 million | – |
| 1873 | 634,600 | 18.1 million | – |
| 1872 | 637,000 | 18.1 million | – |
| 1871 | 639,400 | 18.1 million | – |
| 1870 | 642,000 | 18.2 million | – |
| 1869 | 644,700 | 18.2 million | – |
| 1868 | 647,500 | 18.2 million | – |
| 1867 | 650,400 | 18.2 million | – |
| 1866 | 653,400 | 18.2 million | – |
| 1865 | 656,400 | 18.2 million | – |
| 1864 | 659,300 | 18.2 million | – |
| 1863 | 662,300 | 18.3 million | – |
| 1862 | 665,200 | 18.3 million | – |
| 1861 | 668,200 | 18.3 million | – |
| 1860 | 671,100 | 18.3 million | – |
| 1859 | 674,100 | 18.3 million | – |
| 1858 | 677,000 | 18.3 million | – |
| 1857 | 680,000 | 18.3 million | – |
| 1856 | 682,900 | 18.4 million | – |
| 1855 | 685,900 | 18.4 million | – |
| 1854 | 688,800 | 18.4 million | – |
| 1853 | 691,800 | 18.4 million | – |
| 1852 | 694,800 | 18.4 million | – |
| 1851 | 692,100 | 18.4 million | – |
| 1850 | 684,000 | 18.4 million | – |
| 1849 | 667,800 | 18.2 million | – |
| 1848 | 646,600 | 17.9 million | – |
| 1847 | 620,700 | 17.7 million | – |
| 1846 | 595,800 | 17.4 million | – |
| 1845 | 571,900 | 17.2 million | – |
| 1844 | 548,900 | 16.9 million | – |
| 1843 | 526,900 | 16.7 million | – |
| 1842 | 505,700 | 16.5 million | – |
| 1841 | 485,400 | 16.2 million | – |
| 1840 | 465,900 | 16 million | – |
| 1839 | 447,200 | 15.8 million | – |
| 1838 | 429,300 | 15.6 million | – |
| 1837 | 412,100 | 15.4 million | – |
| 1836 | 395,500 | 15.1 million | – |
| 1835 | 379,600 | 14.9 million | – |
| 1834 | 364,400 | 14.7 million | – |
| 1833 | 349,800 | 14.5 million | – |
| 1832 | 335,700 | 14.3 million | – |
| 1831 | 322,300 | 14.1 million | – |
| 1830 | 309,300 | 13.9 million | – |
| 1829 | 296,900 | 13.7 million | – |
| 1828 | 285,000 | 13.5 million | – |
| 1827 | 273,600 | 13.4 million | – |
| 1826 | 262,600 | 13.2 million | – |
| 1825 | 252,000 | 13.1 million | – |
| 1824 | 241,900 | 12.9 million | – |
| 1823 | 232,200 | 12.8 million | – |
| 1822 | 222,900 | 12.7 million | – |
| 1821 | 215,600 | 12.6 million | – |
| 1820 | 210,200 | 12.5 million | – |
| 1819 | 206,700 | 12.4 million | – |
| 1818 | 205,000 | 12.3 million | – |
| 1817 | 205,000 | 12.3 million | – |
| 1816 | 205,000 | 12.2 million | – |
| 1815 | 205,000 | 12.2 million | – |
| 1814 | 205,000 | 12.1 million | – |
| 1813 | 205,000 | 12.1 million | – |
| 1812 | 205,000 | 12.1 million | – |
| 1811 | 205,000 | 12 million | – |
| 1810 | 205,000 | 12 million | – |
| 1809 | 205,000 | 12 million | – |
| 1808 | 205,000 | 12 million | – |
| 1807 | 205,000 | 12 million | – |
| 1806 | 205,000 | 12 million | – |
| 1805 | 205,000 | 12 million | – |
| 1804 | 205,000 | 12 million | – |
| 1803 | 205,000 | 12 million | – |
| 1802 | 205,000 | 12 million | – |
| 1801 | 205,000 | 12 million | – |
| 1800 | 205,000 | 12 million | – |
- 12.3Estimates, HYDE and Gapminder
UN projection (medium variant) · 2024–2100
| Year | Eritrea | Ethiopia | World |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2024 | 3.54 million3.45 million–3.62 million | 132 million131 million–133 million | 8.16 billion |
| 2025 | 3.61 million3.39 million–3.82 million | 136 million133 million–138 million | 8.23 billion |
| 2026 | 3.68 million3.38 million–3.99 million | 139 million136 million–142 million | 8.3 billion |
| 2027 | 3.76 million3.38 million–4.15 million | 142 million138 million–147 million | 8.37 billion |
| 2028 | 3.84 million3.39 million–4.31 million | 146 million140 million–152 million | 8.44 billion |
| 2029 | 3.92 million3.4 million–4.48 million | 149 million142 million–157 million | 8.5 billion |
| 2030 | 4 million3.39 million–4.66 million | 153 million144 million–161 million | 8.57 billion |
| 2031 | 4.09 million3.42 million–4.83 million | 156 million147 million–166 million | 8.63 billion |
| 2032 | 4.17 million3.44 million–5 million | 160 million149 million–172 million | 8.7 billion |
| 2033 | 4.25 million3.46 million–5.17 million | 164 million151 million–177 million | 8.76 billion |
| 2034 | 4.34 million3.5 million–5.35 million | 167 million154 million–182 million | 8.82 billion |
| 2035 | 4.42 million3.53 million–5.54 million | 171 million156 million–187 million | 8.89 billion |
| 2036 | 4.51 million3.55 million–5.72 million | 174 million158 million–192 million | 8.95 billion |
| 2037 | 4.6 million3.59 million–5.9 million | 178 million160 million–198 million | 9.01 billion |
| 2038 | 4.69 million3.65 million–6.07 million | 181 million162 million–203 million | 9.06 billion |
| 2039 | 4.78 million3.69 million–6.23 million | 185 million164 million–209 million | 9.12 billion |
| 2040 | 4.87 million3.73 million–6.4 million | 189 million167 million–215 million | 9.18 billion |
| 2041 | 4.95 million3.77 million–6.59 million | 192 million169 million–221 million | 9.23 billion |
| 2042 | 5.04 million3.8 million–6.77 million | 196 million171 million–226 million | 9.29 billion |
| 2043 | 5.12 million3.81 million–6.96 million | 199 million173 million–232 million | 9.34 billion |
| 2044 | 5.21 million3.81 million–7.15 million | 203 million175 million–238 million | 9.39 billion |
| 2045 | 5.29 million3.82 million–7.27 million | 207 million177 million–244 million | 9.44 billion |
| 2046 | 5.38 million3.83 million–7.42 million | 210 million178 million–250 million | 9.49 billion |
| 2047 | 5.46 million3.85 million–7.6 million | 214 million180 million–256 million | 9.54 billion |
| 2048 | 5.54 million3.89 million–7.79 million | 218 million183 million–263 million | 9.58 billion |
| 2049 | 5.62 million3.91 million–8 million | 221 million185 million–269 million | 9.62 billion |
| 2050 | 5.7 million3.92 million–8.15 million | 225 million187 million–276 million | 9.66 billion |
| 2051 | 5.78 million3.95 million–8.37 million | 229 million189 million–282 million | 9.7 billion |
| 2052 | 5.86 million4.01 million–8.61 million | 232 million190 million–288 million | 9.74 billion |
| 2053 | 5.94 million4.02 million–8.79 million | 236 million192 million–295 million | 9.78 billion |
| 2054 | 6.02 million3.98 million–9.02 million | 240 million194 million–302 million | 9.81 billion |
| 2055 | 6.1 million3.94 million–9.28 million | 243 million196 million–309 million | 9.85 billion |
| 2056 | 6.17 million3.92 million–9.46 million | 247 million198 million–317 million | 9.88 billion |
| 2057 | 6.24 million3.94 million–9.63 million | 250 million200 million–325 million | 9.91 billion |
| 2058 | 6.32 million3.98 million–9.85 million | 254 million201 million–332 million | 9.94 billion |
| 2059 | 6.4 million3.97 million–10.2 million | 257 million203 million–340 million | 9.96 billion |
| 2060 | 6.48 million3.96 million–10.4 million | 261 million204 million–348 million | 9.99 billion |
| 2061 | 6.56 million3.98 million–10.6 million | 264 million206 million–357 million | 10 billion |
| 2062 | 6.63 million4.01 million–10.8 million | 268 million207 million–364 million | 10 billion |
| 2063 | 6.71 million4.04 million–11.1 million | 271 million209 million–371 million | 10.1 billion |
| 2064 | 6.78 million4.04 million–11.3 million | 274 million209 million–380 million | 10.1 billion |
| 2065 | 6.85 million4.03 million–11.6 million | 278 million210 million–387 million | 10.1 billion |
| 2066 | 6.92 million4.04 million–11.9 million | 281 million211 million–396 million | 10.1 billion |
| 2067 | 6.99 million4.06 million–12.1 million | 284 million212 million–404 million | 10.1 billion |
| 2068 | 7.06 million4.07 million–12.3 million | 288 million214 million–412 million | 10.2 billion |
| 2069 | 7.13 million4.07 million–12.5 million | 291 million215 million–421 million | 10.2 billion |
| 2070 | 7.19 million4.08 million–12.8 million | 294 million216 million–428 million | 10.2 billion |
| 2071 | 7.26 million4.1 million–13.1 million | 297 million217 million–436 million | 10.2 billion |
| 2072 | 7.32 million4.1 million–13.5 million | 300 million218 million–446 million | 10.2 billion |
| 2073 | 7.38 million4.11 million–13.7 million | 303 million218 million–453 million | 10.2 billion |
| 2074 | 7.44 million4.11 million–14 million | 306 million220 million–462 million | 10.2 billion |
| 2075 | 7.5 million4.11 million–14.3 million | 309 million220 million–471 million | 10.3 billion |
| 2076 | 7.56 million4.14 million–14.7 million | 312 million220 million–481 million | 10.3 billion |
| 2077 | 7.61 million4.14 million–15 million | 315 million221 million–492 million | 10.3 billion |
| 2078 | 7.67 million4.1 million–15.2 million | 318 million222 million–502 million | 10.3 billion |
| 2079 | 7.72 million4.06 million–15.5 million | 321 million223 million–512 million | 10.3 billion |
| 2080 | 7.77 million4.05 million–15.8 million | 323 million223 million–521 million | 10.3 billion |
| 2081 | 7.82 million4.06 million–16.1 million | 326 million224 million–530 million | 10.3 billion |
| 2082 | 7.86 million4.06 million–16.3 million | 329 million224 million–537 million | 10.3 billion |
| 2083 | 7.9 million4.02 million–16.4 million | 331 million225 million–547 million | 10.3 billion |
| 2084 | 7.95 million4 million–16.6 million | 334 million226 million–556 million | 10.3 billion |
| 2085 | 7.99 million4.02 million–17 million | 336 million227 million–566 million | 10.3 billion |
| 2086 | 8.04 million4.04 million–17.3 million | 339 million226 million–574 million | 10.3 billion |
| 2087 | 8.08 million4.02 million–17.6 million | 341 million226 million–584 million | 10.3 billion |
| 2088 | 8.11 million3.97 million–18.2 million | 343 million227 million–594 million | 10.3 billion |
| 2089 | 8.15 million3.94 million–18.5 million | 345 million228 million–604 million | 10.3 billion |
| 2090 | 8.18 million3.93 million–18.6 million | 348 million228 million–613 million | 10.3 billion |
| 2091 | 8.22 million3.93 million–18.8 million | 350 million228 million–621 million | 10.3 billion |
| 2092 | 8.25 million3.93 million–19.2 million | 352 million228 million–628 million | 10.3 billion |
| 2093 | 8.28 million3.9 million–19.4 million | 354 million227 million–633 million | 10.3 billion |
| 2094 | 8.3 million3.86 million–19.7 million | 356 million226 million–643 million | 10.2 billion |
| 2095 | 8.33 million3.83 million–20.2 million | 358 million226 million–655 million | 10.2 billion |
| 2096 | 8.35 million3.8 million–20.5 million | 360 million226 million–666 million | 10.2 billion |
| 2097 | 8.38 million3.77 million–21.1 million | 362 million225 million–675 million | 10.2 billion |
| 2098 | 8.4 million3.74 million–21.7 million | 364 million225 million–683 million | 10.2 billion |
| 2099 | 8.42 million3.71 million–22 million | 366 million226 million–694 million | 10.2 billion |
| 2100 | 8.44 million3.67 million–22.3 million | 367 million227 million–706 million | 10.2 billion |
Each country on its own
Good to know
- Everyone living in the country on 1 July of each year.
- Source: UN DESA, World Population Prospects 2024.
- Before 1950: HYDE (2023), Gapminder (2022) and UN WPP (2024), via Our World in Data.
- The dashed line is the UN projection (medium variant), a scenario rather than a forecast; the band is its 95% prediction interval.
- Ranks count the 229 countries with a value in 2023, highest first.
- The faint line is the world as a whole, as the same source counts it.
How the layers work, where their data comes from and what they can’t tell you: Countries through time
Eritrea vs Ethiopia
Health
- Life expectancyEritrea: 68.6 years in 2023Ethiopia: 67.3 years in 2023
- Child mortalityEritrea: 3.4 per 100 live births in 2024Ethiopia: 4.5 per 100 live births in 2024
- Infant mortalityEritrea: 27.1 per 1,000 live births in 2023Ethiopia: 33 per 1,000 live births in 2023
- DepressionEritrea: 3.87% in 2017Ethiopia: 3.82% in 2017
- Suicide rateEritrea: 15.7 per 100,000 people in 2017Ethiopia: 9.6 per 100,000 people in 2017
People
- Population growthEritrea: 1.81% a year in 2023Ethiopia: 2.59% a year in 2023
- Fertility rateEritrea: 3.71 births per woman in 2023Ethiopia: 3.99 births per woman in 2023
- Urban populationEritrea: 34.5% in 2025Ethiopia: 24.1% in 2025
- Median ageEritrea: 18.7 years in 2023Ethiopia: 18.7 years in 2023
- People aged 65 and overEritrea: 4.2% in 2023Ethiopia: 3.2% in 2023
- Net migration rateEritrea: -4.4 per 1,000 people in 2023Ethiopia: -0.1 per 1,000 people in 2023
Economy
Education
Politics
Conflict
Military
- Military spendingEritrea: 20.87% of GDP in 2003Ethiopia: 0.49% of GDP in 2025
- Military spending per personEritrea: $75 in 2003Ethiopia: $4 in 2025
- Military share of state spendingEritrea: 46.4% of government spending in 2003Ethiopia: 4.1% of government spending in 2025
- Armed forces personnelEritrea: 202,000 people in 2020Ethiopia: 138,000 people in 2020
- National powerEritrea: 0.31% of world capability in 2022Ethiopia: 0.85% of world capability in 2022
- Armed forces, share of workersEritrea: 13.29% of the labour force in 2020Ethiopia: 0.28% of the labour force in 2020
- Arms importsEritrea: 4 million TIV in 2007Ethiopia: 63 million TIV in 2025
- Arms exportsEritrea: 0 TIV in 2006Ethiopia: 17 million TIV in 1997